تأثیر کیفیت حکمرانی خوب و درآمد بر شادی در کشورهای منتخب

نویسندگان
دانشگاه بهشتی
چکیده
تغییر مبانی نظری که در حوزه اقتصاد رفاه شکل گرفته است، به دلیل تکامل اقتصاد در طول زمان سبب شده است تا شادی در چند دهه اخیر به عنوان یک شاخص مهم برای اندازه‌گیری رفاه در سطح فردی و جامعه در کنار سایر پراکسی‌های اولیه مانند ثروت، مصرف، تولید ناخالص داخلی وغیره در نظر گرفته شود و مورد توجه اقتصاددانان قرار گیرد؛ به طوری‌که آن‌ها به بررسی تأثیر متغیرهای اقتصادی بر شادی پرداخته‌اند. یک عامل مبهم و اثرگذار بر شادی حکومت‌های موجود در کشور است، زیرا حکومت از دو کانال در گسترش شادی نقش دارند؛ مجرا مستقیم و غیر مستقیم. بنابراین، بررسی و تأثیر نقش حکمرانی در افزایش شادی مهم است. مطالعه حاضر برای بررسی تأثیر حکمرانی بر بهبود شادی از روش داده‌های تابلویی استفاده کرده است. شش شاخص حکمرانی کافمن برای سنجش حکمرانی 112 کشور در بازه زمانی (2019-2006) در نظر گرفته شده است. این شش شاخص به دو زیر شاخص کیفیت تکنیکال و کیفیت دمکراتیک تقسیم و در سه معادله مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. همچنین نمونه مورد تحقیق به دو گروه کشور تبدیل شده و اثر حکمرانی در گسترش شادی به طور دقیق‌تر مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. متغیر درآمد به همراه دو متغیر کنترلی هزینه‌های دولت و شاخص فلاکت به تابع اضافه شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر نشان دهنده وجود رابطه مثبت بین بهبود حکمرانی و افزایش درآمد با گسترش شادی است. اثربخشی کیفیت حکمرانی در راستای افزایش شادی نسبت به بعد کیفیت دمکراسی آن قابل توجه است. این نتیجه در نمونه کل کشورها و ثروتمند و فقیر قابل تأیید است و اثر آن در کشورهای فقیر در مقایسه با ثروتمند بیشتر است. درآمد در گسترش شادی یک اثرگذاری مستقیم قابل توجه دارد. ضریب درآمد در هر سه گروه مثبت و برای نمونه فقیر نسبت به ثروتمند بیشتر است. دو متغیر کنترلی یعنی هزینه‌های دولت و شاخص فلاکت در کل کشورها به ترتیب رابطه مثبت و منفی با شادی دارند. رابطه موجود برای کشورهای ثروتمند برقرار است، اما ضریب هزینه‌های دولت در کشورهای فقیر منفی است. بر این اساس می‌توان بیان کرد دولت‌ها از طریق بهبود کیفیت حکمرانی و کاهش شاخص فلاکت در اقتصاد در گسترش سطح شادی در جامعه نقش قابل توجه و غیر قابل انکاری دارند. همچنین نباید اهمیت نقش افزایش تولید ناخالص داخلی و رشد اقتصادی نیز نادیده گرفته شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Impact of Good Governance Quality and Income upon Happiness in Selected Countries

نویسندگان English

Yadollah Dadgar
Hojat Eizadkhsti
Seyed Mohammad Seyedi
Shahid Beheshty University
چکیده English

The change of theoretical base in the area of welfare economy and due to economic evolution along time, in recent decades happiness has been considered as an important index for measuring welfare in individual and social levels along with other initial proxies such as wealth, consumption, gross domestic production. This particularly has attracted many economists attention such that they investigate the impact of economic variables on happiness. Government is an unclear and effective factor over nations happiness. Because government functions in expanding happiness through two channels. Direct channel and indirect channel. Therefore, the impact of governance over happiness increase is significant. This study is using panel data for investigating the impact of governance over happiness. Six Kaufmann governance indices has been used for assessing 112 nations governance in time period of (2006-2019). These six indices have been divided into two sub-index technical quality and democratic quality and has been evaluated by three equations. Also the sample was divided in two groups and the impact of governance on happiness was studied carefully. Income variable along with two control variables government expenditures and misery index were added to the function. These study findings indicate that there is a positive relationship between increase in income, governance improvement and happiness expansion. The effectiveness of governance quality in parallel with increasing happiness is considerable to democracy quality. This result is confirmed in all poor and rich nations, and its impact on poor nations is more than the rich ones. Income has significant direct effect on expanding happiness. Income coefficients are positive in each 3 group and for the poor is greater than the rich. Two control variables government expenses and misery index in all countries have positive and negative relationship with happiness respectively. The existent relationship holds for rich nations, but the coefficient of government expenses for poor nations is negative. On this basis, it can be said that governments have a significant and undeniable role in promoting the level of happiness in society by improving the quality of governance and reducing the misery index in the economy. Also the significance of gross domestic production and economic growth should not be ignored.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Happiness
Good Governance
Technical Quality
Democratic Quality
Income
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